Summary) new media: determining or determined? 1

# The return of the Frankfurt School ciritique in the popularisation of new media

Strnati :
- Elitism : view mass as passive nondiscreminating consumers

Alan Meek :
- dominant kind of relationship

mass society critics feared four things

-The debasement and displacement of an authentic organic folk culture
-the erosion of high cultural traditions, those of art and literature
-loss of the ability of these cultural traditions (as the classical 'public sphere') to comment
-critically on society's values
-the idoctrination and manipulation of the 'masses' by either totalitatian politics or market forces

active looking back to a pre mass culture

-the recovery of community
-the remaal of central authority, control
-online publishing
-virtual communities

The Brechtian avant-garde and lost opportunities

Conclusion

-amazing novelty of the possiblities that are opening up

#New Media: Determining or Determined?

Very different theorists of media
-Marshall McLuhan : "new media change everything"
-Raymond Williams: media can only take effect through already present social processes and structures and will therefore reproduce existing patterns of use and basically sustain existing power relations

##My opinion

18c Greek : small group(the nobility) -> high class art (not popular culture)

the present -> Art : The majority is popular culture.

What great art? -> The art won recognition from the public. Great art is not a small minority of rich person.

Summary) who was dissatisfied with old media?

#Who was dissatisfied with old media?

phychoanalytic theories
- critical thought
- recast in more sociological

imaginaire
- the 'real' and the 'symbolic'

loss of the forms that are displaced
- photography on painting
- television then video on cinema

more recently
- digital imaging on photography
- graphics software

understanding the conditions
- seesing what values a culture

##My opinion

Someone peoples have complain about TV. Because TV standardize in news and many contents. I have complain about TV, too. So I use New media. For example I use download in p2p site and see in GomTV and so on. They convenience about without regard to time and choose kinds of contents and so on.
But they have demerit. selection in many kinds of contents -> grow insensible

#The discursive construction of new media

Discourse (담론) : is communication that goes back and forth (from the Latin, discursus, "running to and from"), such as debate or argument. The term is used in semantics and discourse analysis. In semantics, discourses are linguistic units composed of several sentences — in other words, conversations, arguments or speeches. (reference wikipedia)


## My opinion

Many definition of vocabulary was changed through discourse. And many definition of vocabulary have been created throuth discourse. (ex: 인터넷 용어들, 유행어들 등등)
Discourse have many abilitys. (ex: 단어의 의미변화기능, 새로운 단어생성, 느낌(ex: 어떤 사람의 이미지) 등등)

Summary) what kind of history? 2

#The return of the middle ages and other media archaeologies

Kevin Robins - digital image(1997)

The ludic(=ludology(놀이)) : cinema and game

- 1900~1920 : aesthetics and pleasures of computer games
- 1930~1950 : hollywood movie - narrative cinema
- 21c :
pleasures - changes in media production and media consumption
blockbuster - a return of the possibilities present in early cinema

Rhetoric(웅변술) and spatialised memory
- Bensamin woolley : computer media's metaphorical desktops
- icons and mnemonic : parallel with the memorising strategies of ancient preliterate, oral cultures

Nickianne Moody
- Edutainment and the eighteenth century enlightenment

Discovery of the kind of historical precedents for media
- opportunities of develop new media

##My opinion

The past : sophist --enlightment(생각할 수 있는 능력을 주다)--> citizen
The present : all kinds of new media --enlightment --> citizen (something like the past)

#A sense of dejavu

B-movie

Bollywood movie
- from india

Conclusion
- the 'new' in new media which makes history so important
- what they share with other media
- between what they can do and what is ideological in our reception of new media

##My opinion

Dejavu : the past of memory in my brain -> arrive at a past memory
New media : the history of the past --continue(the same dejavu phenomenon)--> the present of new media

Summary) what kind of history? 1

#Teleological(목적론) accounts of new media

From cave painting to mobile phones
-In Rheingold's historical scheme

From photography to telematics
-extracting some sense from teleologies, Peter Weibel's: 8 stage historical model of the technologic developments of image production and transmission

Seeing the limits of new media telelogies
-Paul Mayer: from abstract system of logic

Foucault and genealogies(계보학) of new media
-Mark Poster's concept, Jay Bolter & Richard Grusin's concept: foucauldian perspective

#New media and the modernist concept of progress

Deferred future of new media
-because of technological underdevelopment?
-be used and understanding according to older, existing practices and ideas

The view of modernist aesthetic
-medium has to be genuinely new from the past and old media
(ex: Painter-> important painting materials)

Modernist(ex: 피카소)--difference--아방가르드(ex: 뒤샹)
(Modernist-> respect tradition)

Gene Youngblood
-"the tyranny of perceptual imperialists(경험주의)"
(perceptual->physical contact(ex: 첫만남은 외모가 중요하다.))
-most value->real experience)

Steve Holzmann
- existing uses of new media fail to exploit those special qualities

Modernist viewpoints
-전통중시(ex: Greenberg -> important materials, Macluhan)

Pictorialist
-Photograhper-> photo like art(technologie downgrade)

Raymond Willams "Media technology does not have any essence

##My Opinion

Art is start reason -> the instrument of discovery (Reference: movie "A space odyssey")

Art is continue develop + Instrument is continue develop = Art is the rapid growth

Some peoples think -> good technology -> not art
But my think -> Some all medium is the whole art.

Summary) change and continuity

#polalized over the degree of new media's newness

-revolutionary -> not relation historical (totally newness)
-business as usual -> relation historical (telephone --continuity--> cell phone)

Brain Winston -> observes the concept of a 'revolution'
Kevin Robins -> old --continuity--> new

Old media in new times?

-New media -> digital TV or IP TV
-Old media -> immersive VR, online, interactive, multimedia

The media of 'remediation'

Jay bolter and Richard Grusin

-The digital technologies 'refashion older media'
-These older media 'refashion themselves to answer to the challengers of new media'
-New media are not born in a vanccum and, as media, would have no resources

##My opinion

Two type 'New media'

1. old, historical, past --continuity--> new media -> commercialization

2. old --not continuity & revolutionary--> new media -> totally newness

The majority is first type new media our world.
But, The future of new media -> many not continuity new media -> the birth of unimaginable future world

Summary) the characteristics of new media 3

Virtual?

Virtual and virtual reality and VR are the same meaning.
Reality --simulation--> VR / augmented reality / mixed reality Which virtual reality?
The immersive ,interactive experiences provided by new forms of imagine and simulation technology.
'Place' and 'Spaces' created by or within communications networks.

Cyberspace?

Immersive(몰입성) VR -> simulate reality & make fantasyVR of online
A future Scenario -> Cyberspace (future fution in the same frame)
embodiment? -> 채화?
ex) ID(Identity) <--embody-- me My opinion VR is maked experience and space. The new media of developmet->> various VR
Various VR & Cyberspace ->> a matter of anonymity, subjectivity and so on (ex: 악성댓글, 살인사건등등)
What do you think we should do about this problem? ->> the principal problems of our day

mid-term paper

Open api via comparison with a web crawler

What’s open api?

Open API (often referred to as OpenAPI) is a word used to describe sets of technologies that enable websites to interact with each other by using SOAP, Javascript any other web technology. Recently, (reference: wikipedia) web corporation (ex: naver and daum and so on) started open api service and mashup service based on open api started too. The aim of web corporations are seek a profit for allowing the open of certain technologies. Because if many people develop mashup service by the public web company, in that case the user of this web will increase. But open api has his merits and faults. The keynote of open api is interactivity with internet user or mashup developer. Interactivity is one of primary characteristics of new media. The appearance of a open api is a result of the development of the new media. Many web users access new media in web through not only web corporation but also several people are open api via mashup service development.

What is web crawler?

A web crawler (also known as a web spider or web robot) is a program or automated script which browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner. (reference: wikipedia) It has his merits and demerits. Merit is very easy to search for want information. Moreover, user accidentally discovered the information is a great help to in more ways than one. But demerit is search for many not want information. (ex: have nothing to do information, not want a reversal movie ending (web spoiler) and so on)

Comparison and My opinion

Open api is mutual cooperation compared with web crawler. Web and user and mashup developer make web ecosystem through open api. But web crawler is not mutual between web and user. Open api will help new media for the future. Interactivity of open api will help the development of the new media. Web crawler will develop through open api. I predict the birth of new web crawler with new ability.